Reflections – But Not on Elections

By the time you read this post, the Midterm Elections will be over. Regardless of one’s political persuasion, there will be bipartisan bliss with the absence of political ads going forward. That will be mitigated to some extent by the ubiquitous insurance commercials which will undoubtedly fill the vacuum.

Welcome back to Thebeerchaser. This is a long post. If you are receiving it through an e-mail, please visit the blog by clicking on the title at the top to see all photos and the narrative isn’t clipped or shortened. (# External photo attribution at the end of the post.) (#1)

Charging Backward!?

Perhaps a common theme this fall is the price of arrogance. I’ll cite two sports-related examples to validate this premise. Coach Jim Harbaugh, to much fanfare, became the coach of the Los Angeles Chargers in 2024. It was felt that with his star quarterback, Justin Herbert – Offensive Rookie-of-the-Year in 2020 and Pro Bowl selection in 2021, the Chargers would dominate the West Division of the AFC.

Well, Harbaugh had two 11-6 seasons, but in 2026 he is winless with seven defeats. And Justin Herbert is having an abysmal year. I’ve never been a fan of Jim Harbaugh. He’s been involved in ethical issues during his college coaching career at the University of Michigan as summarized below:

  • Recruiting rule violations during the COVID‑19 dead period.
  • Dishonesty and lack of cooperation with NCAA investigators.
  • Sign‑stealing and unauthorized scouting scandals.
  • Failure to monitor staff and promote compliance.

These cases have resulted in severe NCAA sanctions, reputational damage, and a long-term ban from collegiate coaching. (#2- #3)

Justin Herbert, after an outstanding rookie year, seems to have reached a plateau and then proceed downward in 2026: (Oregon Live)

“Herbert has completed 59.4% of his passes, well off his career mark of 66.1%. He has five TDs, ten turnovers (including a league-worst eight interceptions, with a least one in every game) and been sacked 21 times – second most in the league including the nine times in the last two games.”

I’ve admired Justin Herbert for his academic and athletic achievements in college, but have to chuckle based on his personal life – his marriage to celebrity, Madison Beer in the fall of 2024. (#4)

I wrote about my first exposure to the singer-songwriter in this blog when Janet and I attended an amazing Boston Red Sox game at Fenway Park in 2024:

“…I realized that a significant portion of the crowd – lined up for several blocks – was not in line for the baseball game – they were waiting with great anticipation for a concert at the MGM Music Hall at Fenway.

It was somewhat chilly and I wondered why most of the adolescent girls in line were dressed in tutus – in many cases supplemented by capes and tiaras. And most were without coats. I asked a security guard, and he said they were waiting for a Madison Beer concert scheduled to start at 7:30.

I thought Madison Beer was a micro-brewery in Wisconsin. I found out, however, that she’s a twenty-five-year-old singer- songwriter with ties to Justin Bieber. Fenway was one of sixty-three concerts on her 2023-2024 “Spinnin” world tour. These hardy kids had lined up five hours (or more) early for the evening concert for which they paid an average ticket price of $143.”

Perhaps, Justin should now consider (at least during the NFL Season) switching from Madison Beer to martinis from Twisted Path Gin which is a Milwaukee, Wisconsin distillery. (Sorry, I couldn’t resist…)

A Bit More Football

I’ve written before about my disappointment with the demise of the PAC 12 – especially in football. My wife is an Oregon Duck, I’m a dam Beaver and our older daughter and her husband are Washington Huskies – he a third generation Dawg. I was there during the OSU Giant Killer years and the intra-family banter during football has been fun in the past.

I have many friends who are U of O grads and at the law firm, the Oregon vs. Washington rivalry came close to surpassing what in Oregon was always known as the Civil War – until a few years ago when that term became politically incorrect.

That said, the arrogance of the Ducks has been a sore point in the past and they and Coach Dan Lanning have had a comeuppance this year – while the Beaver gridiron team has surprised everyone with its resurgence. Unfortunately, the Beavers and Ducks won’t play again until September 2028.

Just wait until 2028!

Given that at the beginning of the season, the Ducks were picked by some to be National Champions and #2 in several polls, it provides some satisfaction seeing the following headlines in the sports pages.

“Lanning: ‘We Just Don’t Handle Adversity Well'”

“Ducks’ lost season falls off a cliff with catastrophic loss to Illinois.”

“Oregon is inconsistent, undisciplined, unprepared, and downright unwatchable. Parts of the machine are broken. Dreams of the CFP – considered the floor for this team entering the season – are dead.”

The Ducks have also had three players arrested on various charges including alleged DUI and reckless driving during the season.

The same edition of The Oregonian with the quote above had this comment by one of the columnists: “The Beavers have executed an unimaginable culture reset and the world of college athletics is taking notice.”

(The image on the right was taken yesterday at my long-time law firm colleague and Beerchasing Notable, Jack Faust’s residence. It should be noted that Oregon surprised the pundits by ranking No. 23 in the first College Football Playoff Selection Committee Rankings of the 2026 season.)

Cheers to Oregon State’s Athletic Director, Kevin Griffin and Football Coach, JaMarcus Shepherd – both in the first year – for their leadership and motivational skills!

Farewell to Friends

2026 has been a year of mixed emotions for me. I’ve lost four friends this year – three of them lawyers and one a distinguished professor. Two of the lawyers died in tragic accidents.

Craig Russillo

Craig and I were colleagues at the Schwabe law firm for fourteen years – from the time he joined the firm as a new associate after graduation cum laude from Willamette University Law School, until I retired in 2011. He was killed in a head-on crash on October 15th by a drunken driver near Mount Hood while returning to his home in Bend. (#5)

Not only was he an outstanding attorney, but a wonderful husband and father to his two children – Finn and Elle.

“His quick wit, professionalism and and legal prowess earned him accolade’s from clients and he was quickly elevated to shareholder and ultimately served on the Board of Directors and was a senior leader in the firm’s Commercial Litigation Group.

In his nearly three decades at Schwabe, Craig mentored and nurtured scores of the firm’s young lawyers with an uncommon blend of insight humor and compassion was the very heart and soul of the firm’s ‘work hard, but don’t take yourself too seriously’ culture.

He developed deep and meaningful friendships with generations of staff and shareholders at Schwabe, none of whom were ever safe from Craig’s infection humor and practical jokes.“

And I still laugh with the recipient of one of those practical jokes – Sara Cotton – now a shareholder, but in 2009 a recent cum laude graduate of Lewis and Clark Law School.

Sara, like most new lawyers, had worked incredibly long hours during her first eight months and was looking forward to a great summer vacation. At Schwabe, we did not require lawyers to record sick and vacation hours – their statistics governed when they could take time off. (#6)

A day or two before Sara was to leave, Craig (who had tipped me off) said, “Cotton, I assume you had the COO approve this vacation in advance.” Sara, gasped and said, “No one told me that was required.” He responded, “Well, you better go to Williams’ office and grovel and come up with a good excuse. Otherwise, you might as well cancel your reservations.”

When she came in, I scowled for about thirty seconds before bursting into laughter just as Craig walked in. From that time on, each summer until I retired, I would remind Sara not to forget her obligation to notify me. Schwabe had a great organizational sense of humor and Craig exemplified it.

Mark O’Donnell

Those who follow this blog have read about my friendship and respect for this wonderful lawyer and man of faith which began in 1979 and lasted until his passing in August.

My blog gave examples of the forty + years of sarcastic e-mails and letters we exchanged challenging each other’s character and intellectual ability although we always ended by toasting our brotherhood. (#7)

Mark, growing up in a family which struggled to make ends meet, had a lifetime commitment supporting charitable endeavors. These included De La Salle North Catholic High School, Gonzaga University and many Catholic charities.

In In September 2018, the Northwest Pilot Project presented him with the Agency Impact Award to commemorate his service to the organization, which provides affordable housing to seniors in Multnomah County:

“O’Donnell’s commitment has prevented 450 low-income seniors from becoming homeless.” …He also partners with SE Works, De Paul Treatment Centers and other organizations that serve at-risk kids and low-income seniors.”

Steve Griffith

Steve died on February 12th while climbing Chimborazo when he fell during the ascent.

“It’s the highest mountain in Ecuador and the 39th-highest peak in the entire Andes. The summit is the farthest point on Earth’s surface from the Earth’s center due to its location along the planet’s equatorial bulge. Chimborazo’s height from sea level is 6,263 m (20,548 ft).”  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimborazo

You might ask why an eighty-year-old guy was climbing a mountain in Ecuador. Steve would respond, “Because I can!”

The two pictures below are from his climb with my college fraternity brother, Craig “The Dude” Hanneman at the summit of Mt. Vinson (16,050 feet) in Antarctica – they climbed it in 2008 – one of the Seven Summits. (#8)

You would think that a person who is a graduate of Harvard College, the University of Oxford and Stanford Law School, might tend to be a bit bookish or cerebral in activities and dealings with others.

Notwithstanding his academic pedigree, Steve Griffith was the polar opposite. Besides his distinction as a litigator with a wide-ranging practice for thirty-seven years at Stoel Rives – one of the Northwest’s most prestigious law firms, he was esteemed for his reputation as a civic leader, friend and family man. (#9 – #10)

Steve was a very giving person demonstrating throughout his life that he should share his natural gifts with others. He taught school and coached for two years in Liberia as a Peace Corps volunteer and in 2015, he and his wife, Chris started a preschool in Gbarnga – the same town in which he served years earlier.

Dr. Doug Morgan Professor Emeritus of Public Administration – Portland State University (#11)

The following was written by Masami Nishishiba, Director, Mark O. Hatfield School of Government.

“Doug passed away on October 21, 2026 and was a cherished member of the Hatfield School community, a dedicated educator, a respected scholar, and a generous supporter of our students and programs. As one of the founding donors of the Morgan-Ellis Family Endowment, Doug played an important role in strengthening the Hatfield School’s ability to support students and advance our mission of public service and making government stronger.

…I will deeply miss Doug’s wisdom, warmth, and unwavering commitment to the Hatfield School. He was not only a valued colleague but also a trusted friend whom I could always count on for thoughtful advice and encouragement. His generosity extended far beyond financial contributions—he gave his time, shared his ideas, and genuinely cared about the people and the future of the School.”

I first met Doug in 2024 over coffee and was thrilled shortly afterwards to have a reunion after many years with my Portland State University graduate school professor and advisor, Dr. Walt Ellis and his best friend, Doug, over lunch at Gino’s Restaurant and Bar in mid-June. Janet and I both earned our master degrees from PSU and the Hatfield School has an excellent national reputation.

Walt and Doug had just announced the establishment of the Morgan-Ellis Family Endowment for Community-Centered Education, Scholarship and Governance and kick-started it with a $100,000 donation. (#12)

Each then committed $1 million estate gifts to strengthen the core work of the Hatfield School by funding student research assistantships and deepening the school’s partnerships with local governments through the School’s Center for Public Service.

The loss of these friends is a good reminder to nurture friendships and treasured relationships while we still have the opportunity.

Cheers

External Photo Attribution

Other than those enumerated below, all photos were taken by me or generated by AI.

#1.  Wikimedia Commons (File:Ballot Drop Box Boston.jpg – Wikimedia Commons) Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.   Author: Whoisjohngalt – 3 August 2022.    

#2. Wikimedia Commons (File:Jim Harbaugh (Michigan Wolverines football coach) during Sept. 29, 2018 game against Northwestern Wildcats at Ryan Field (441201710451).jpg – Wikimedia Commons) Author: Maize & Blue Nation – 29 September 2016.      

#3. Wikimedia Commons (File:Los Angeles Chargers sideline.jpg – Wikimedia Commons) Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license.   Author:  All-Pro Reels -12 September 2021.    

#4.    Wikimedia Commons (File:Madison Beer @ The Wiltern 11 28 2021 (51783561891).jpg – Wikimedia Commons)  Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.  Author:  Justin Higuchi – 28 November 2001.

#5. Oregon Live Obituary (https://obits.oregonlive.com/us/obituaries/oregon/name/craig-russillo-obituary?id=62850829).

#6. Sara Cotton (https://www.schwabe.com/professional/sara-cotton/_).    

#7. O’ Donnell Law Firm LLC Website (https://www.odlf.net/about-us/professional-team/attorneys/mark-odonnell/)

#8 Fordham Institute (https://fordhaminstitute.org/about/fordham-staff/stephen-griffith)

#9 – #10. Courtesy of Craig Hanneman.

#11-#12. Hatfield School of Government – Portland State University (https://www.pdx.edu/hatfield-school/).

Summer Simmers III

Welcome back to Thebeerchaser. If you are seeing this post through an e-mail, please visit the blog by clicking on the title at the top to see all of the photos so the narrative is not clipped or shortened.  (External photo attribution at the end of the post.)

In my first  “episode” of “Summer Simmers” I stated that I was going to end some future  posts with three items from my vast collection – bar jokes, lawyer jokes and quotations.  Well this one ends with a combined “story” of each of these three elements.

It’s courtesy of my friend of more than fifty years, attorney Mark O’Donnell, who is one of the best business, land-use and real estate lawyers in the state.  His robust practice also includes legal work for non-profit organizations.  Besides his skill as a lawyer, Mark is also a wonderful human being.

He’s a guy who shows compassion, a dry and sophisticated sense of humor and an ethic which involves helping others on a daily basis. (I realize that these traits apply to most attorneys….)  (#1)

MOD-head-240x300

Attorney Mark O’Donnell

In 2013, he received the Sam Wheeler Foundation Freedom Award for his commitment to AA and his work in the community:

“Mark is an inspiration for many, and the support of his friends, family, and colleagues at the event made it clear that he has made an impact in our community,”

In September 2018, the Northwest Pilot Project presented him with the Agency Impact Award to commemorate his service to the organization, which provides affordable housing to seniors in Multnomah County:

O’Donnell’s commitment has prevented 450 low-income seniors from becoming homeless.” …He also partners with SE Works, De Paul Treatment Centers and other organizations that serve at-risk kids and low-income seniors.”

Stay tuned below for the closing story, but first some quick news about two watering holes:

Sasquatch Brewing – Since the pandemic, I’ve chronicled bar and brewery closures although trying to stay positive and letting you know of some openings such as Crux Fermentation’s SE Portland Pub and a pair of small Oregon Brewery Success Stories (The Benedictine Brewery and Beachcrest Brewing).

Remembering a great Beerchasing visit in 2013

Since I covered Sasquatch in 2013 – about two years after it opened “Sasquatch Brewery – Anything but Abominable!”, I was saddened to see the Oregon Live headline last November:

“Sasquatch Brewing to shut down brewery, cidermaking operations, keep SW Portland pub”

It was a great little pub and brewery in SW Portland and I enjoyed a beer with my friend, David Kish, who had a distinguished career in public service both for the State of Oregon and the City of Portland including serving as Portland’s Director of General Services under legendary Mayor Bud Clark. 

David Kish – a distinguished career in public service

And Sasquatch has a great story:

“In 2012 (Tom) Sims –  former weld-grinder, former beeper salesman, soon-to-be former homebrewer – opened Sasquatch Brewing, and the brewpub quickly caught on in the Hillsdale neighborhood.

It proved to be such a hit that in 2017 Sasquatch’s owners opened a second pub, returning to Sims’ roots in Northwest Portland, where the co-founder had years earlier plied his trade.”  (Oregon Live)

David and I talked to Tom, a fellow Oregon State grad (David graduated from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst) and based on his initial success, he had plans to expand – these came to fruition.

Will be back in business

After the closure news late last year, I was then happy to see just a couple of months later, Willamette Week’s story:

“Sasquatch Brewing Will Start Producing Beer Again at Its Hillsdale Flagship.” 

Experienced brewer, Nick Scandurro, plans to be “…brewing in Hillsdale this fall and have at least 12 in-house beers by spring 2024.”  

Tom Sims made heroic efforts, but the pandemic, cost of materials and related issues made it impossible to continue.  I hope he continues brewing in some capacity.

Celebrates its 100th Birthday in 2023

The Sandy Hut – A Portland dive icon that I visited in the early days of my Beerchasing journey – epitomized why I started this retirement pursuit.

Known by regulars as “The Handy Slut”, this excerpt from “Willamette Week’s 2008 Bar Guide” (that was three years before I started Beerchasing) will convey why it’s so well loved:

Photo Aug 28 2023, 6 48 24 PM (2)

A classic resource for Thebeerchaser from 2008

2008  – “The Handy Slut, as regulars and the bar’s merchandise call it, is a lurid, windowless utopia. It looks like it once housed the Rat Pack—and hasn’t cleaned since the party ended.

The drinks pack enough alcohol to fuel a racecar, and often mere eye contact constitutes consent. The east side loves you, Sandy—you dirty little slut.”

My first foray was in 2014 with one of my favorite attorneys and frequent Beerchasing companion, John Mansfield.  John has never been shy about having his photo appear in this blog and the second photo shows him with Kevin, a friendly regular we sat next to at the bar. 

He welcomed us and stated he has frequented the bar since 1979 when he moved from Phoenix.

I was thus very concerned about the rumor shortly afterwards that The Slut was going to be demolished and become a high-rise condo.

It was purchased in 2012 by two of Portland’s dive bar saviors, Warren Boothby and Marcus Archambault.  And as with their other acquisitions, they went to work 

”  And in 2018 restored an Al Hirschfield mural of celebrity caricatures, uncovered a glass brick wall by the old entrance and improved the food and drink menu with recipes nodding to the establishment’s Mid-Century glory days, when it was known as The Wolf’s Den.”  (Oregon Live 7/18/23)

And as it celebrated it century year in August, does it still have a community following?  Well, take a look at the photo below and the description of the event and it’s obvious:

“I’m so in love with this portland community.  thank you so much for supporting sandy hut and helping to make portland a great place to live. no arguments, no fights. just 2000 folks showing up to have fun, rock out, and be present. thank you to the vendors, staff, and food carts that made this event a success! ….we love you all!” (#3)

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And as Promised Above – The Story and Mark O’Donnell

Mark, being a compassionate guy and believing in contrition has forgiven me for my letter after I first met him in 1979 when I worked for the Clackamas County Commissioners in Oregon City. 

He was appearing before the Board on behalf of a client who needed a conditional use permit for a mobile home on an expansive rural property.  (At that time, they were labeled “house trailers.”)

Fortunately, I had worked with a number of lawyers in the DA’s Office who were were known for their well-honed cynical, sarcastic senses of humor. I speculated, with some risk, that Mark might share this same trait. 

So with an elevated attitude of righteous indignation, I sent him a letter castigating him for trying to turn the park across from my Mom’s residence and most of my Oregon home town into a massive trailer park. (#2)

“Trailer Home!”

Mark responded, in kind, and this started a long-term friendship where we debated everything from religion to politics to land-use planning at periodic lunches. 

Our relationship was characterized by letters and e-mails that many (most notably the secretaries who opened my mail) would view as acrimonious. All of these missives are still in my collection of “treasured” documents and I’ve included a few examples below. 

In a letter to me dated 2/21/1979 to the Local Government Personnel Institute (my then employer) he again referenced my “concern” about my mom’s residence, he stated:

“(Your mom) called us bleeding liberals and said she agreed with every policy decision of her “former” son. (In the preceding paragraph, he asserted that Mom disclaimed ever having a son.) I then apologized for my single issue approach and we had a nice talk. 

In the course of  leaving the premises, she mentioned to me that while she always agreed with your great plans for our society such as clean air, transit malls, snow-capped mountains, clean water, mediocre schools, demise of the family unit, open space and farmland, she did miss the feeling of self-respect, dignity and independence.” 

When I started work as the Business Manager at the Oregon State Bar, he did not disappoint me as you can see by the address on the envelope below:

Capture

Of course, Mark wanted to raise the standard higher and got one of his firm’s associate attorneys involved.  I knew Martha Hicks from her work as a Deputy DA in Clackamas County when I worked for the County Commissioners. (Ironically, she now works as an Assistant Disciplinary Counsel at the Oregon State Bar!)

In a letter dated 8/7/1979, Martha wrote, in part:

“Attorney Mark O’ Donnell has forwarded to me your letter.  He has also explained to me in detail your views on land use planning, government expenditures, tax relief and continuing support for elitist goals.

I have explained to Mr. O’Donnell your ‘spoon-in-mouth’ childhood, education and employment patterns.  I have also admitted to Mr. O’Donnell that this does not excuse you, but that he should show more compassion and appreciation for your views.

I suggest you consider the following:

‘From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.'”  (#3)

The first time I received a letter quoting Karl Marx

This initial series of letters culminated with Mark’s correspondence to me dated 7/11/1979.  It was in response to a check I sent him for $1.07 for “legal services in kind.”  The final paragraph in his letter stated:

“The El Gazebo Saloon has the finest super nachos that I’ve ever tasted.  Please call me so that we may discuss these important matters over a plate of super nachos and large amounts of beer.”

He enclosed the following correspondence to Ms. Sharon Imholt, the Proprietor of the El Gazebo:

When we met for super nachos and mugs of beer, Mark gave me credit for $1.07 and paid the remainder of the bill. The El Gazebo went out of business long ago and has been resurrected several times since. 

The structure that houses the bar has a long history as you can see by the photo below.  It’s ignominious history may have come to a halt, however. 

It became known as the Route 99 Roadhouse and closed temporarily in February 2021, when the Oregon Liquor Control Commission suspended its license for COVID violations:

“Per Gov. Kate Brown’s guidance, restaurants in ‘extreme risk’ counties cannot allow any form of indoor dining; in addition, all counties in Oregon must wear face coverings and follow social distancing guidelines when in restaurants or bars.

“The OLCC says it had reached out the bar before the in-person visit with educational information about the state’s safety protocols. According to the OLCC, inspectors who visited the bar for the follow-up evaluation found Route 99 packed with customers and staff, many of whom were maskless inside the bar.”  (PDX Eater 2/5/21)  (#4 – #5)

It reopened, but the last Facebook post was in December 2021 indicating it was closing for good and the listed telephone number has been disconnected.

Objectively speaking, the above letters may appear like a foolish waste of time by two guys who don’t have enough to do, but they started a friendship that has endured for decades and transcends trite banter. 

Mark followed our last lunch two weeks ago by sending me a booklet with David Foster Wallace’s essay:

“This Is Water: Some Thoughts, Delivered on a Significant Occasion, about Living a Compassionate Life.” 

Wallace was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and university professor of English and creative writing who died by suicide at the age of forty-six in 2008. 

The text originated from a commencement speech Wallace gave at Kenyon College on May 21, 2005. 

“The speech covers subjects including the difficulty of empathy, the unimportance of being well-adjusted, and the apparent lonesomeness of adult life. It suggests that the overall purpose of higher education is to learn to consciously choose how to perceive others, think about meaning, and act appropriately in everyday life.

Wallace argues that the true freedom acquired through education is the ability to be fully conscious and sympathetic.”  (Wikipedia)  (#5)

The essay was controversial, as was its author, but received great acclaim.  I could write another post on both of these, but I want to finish with my favorite part of the work below, and as I promised, it involves a bar!

“Here’s another didactic little story. There are these two guys sitting together in a bar in the remote Alaskan wilderness. One of the guys is religious, the other is an atheist, and the two are arguing about the existence of God with that special intensity that comes after about the fourth beer.

 And the atheist says: ‘Look, it’s not like I don’t have actual reasons for not believing in God. It’s not like I haven’t ever experimented with the whole God and prayer thing. Just last month I got caught away from the camp in that terrible blizzard, and I was totally lost and I couldn’t see a thing, and it was 50 below, and so I tried it: I fell to my knees in the snow and cried out ‘Oh, God, if there is a God, I’m lost in this blizzard, and I’m gonna die if you don’t help me.’

And now, in the bar, the religious guy looks at the atheist all puzzled. ‘Well then you must believe now,’ he says, ‘After all, here you are, alive.’ The atheist just rolls his eyes. ‘No, man, all that was a couple Eskimos happened to come wandering by and showed me the way back to camp.'”

And In Conclusion

Cheers to Mark O’ Donnell and as he would advise you:

“Keep your eyes out for those Eskimos!”  (#6 – #7)

External Photo Attribution

#1.O’ Donnell Law Firm LLC Website (https://www.odlf.net/about-us/professional-team/attorneys/mark-odonnell/)

#2. Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buggenhoutse_woonwagen.jpg) Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.   Author: Milliped – 29 June 2022.

#3. Public Domain – Wikimedia Commons (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx#/media/File:Karl_Marx_001.jpg) The author died in 1901, so this work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author’s life plus 100 years or fewer.  Source: International Institute of Social History – Date: before 24th August 1875.

#4.  Route 99 E Roadhouse (https://www.facebook.com/route99roadhouse)

#5.  Wikimedia Commons (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace#/media/File:David_Foster_Wallace.jpg)  By Steve Rhodes – originally posted to Flickr as David Foster Wallace, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4788606.

#6.  Mark.jpg (715×1016) (portlandsocietypage.com)  Freedom Award honoree Mark O’Donnell Archives – Portland Society Page

#7.  Public Domain – Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Life_with_the_Esquimaux_-_1864_-_Volume_2_page_224.jpg) This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published (or registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.  Author:  Charles Francis Hall – 1864.